lm2324 National Semiconductor Corporation, lm2324 Datasheet - Page 5

• Manufacturer Part Number: lm2324
• Description: Pllatinum? 2.0 Ghz Frequency Synthesizer For Rf Personal Communications
• Manufacturer: National Semiconductor Corporation

1.0 Functional Description
The basic phase-lock-loop (PLL) configuration consists of a
high-stability crystal reference oscillator, a frequency synthe-
sizer such as the National Semiconductor LMX2324, a volt-
age controlled oscillator (VCO), and a passive loop filter. The
frequency synthesizer includes a phase detector, current
mode charge pump, as well as programmable reference [R]
and feedback [N] frequency dividers. The VCO frequency is
established by dividing the crystal reference signal down via
the R counter to obtain a frequency that sets the comparison
frequency. This reference signal, f
input of a phase/frequency detector and compared with an-
other signal, f
dividing the VCO frequency down by way of the N counter.
The phase/frequency detector’s current source outputs
pump charge into the loop filter, which then converts the
charge into the VCO’s control voltage. The phase/frequency
comparator’s function is to adjust the voltage presented to
the VCO until the feedback signal’s frequency (and phase)
match that of the reference signal. When this “phase-locked”
condition exists, the RF VCO’s frequency will be N times that
of the comparison frequency, where N is the divider ratio.
1.1 OSCILLATOR
The reference oscillator frequency for the PLL is provided by
an external reference TCXO through the OSC
block can operate to 40 MHz with a minimum input sensitivity
of 0.4V
be driven from an external CMOS or TTL logic gate.
1.2 REFERENCE DIVIDERS (R COUNTER)
The R Counter is clocked through the oscillator block. The
maximum frequency is 40 MHz. The R Counter is a 10 bit
CMOS binary counters with a divide range from 2 to 1,023.
See programming description 2.2.1.
1.3 PROGRAMMABLE DIVIDERS (N COUNTER)
The N counter is clocked by the small signal f
pins. The LMX2324 RF N counter is 15 bit integer divider.
The N counter is configured as a 5 bit A Counter and a 10 bit
B Counter, offering a continuous integer divide range from
992 to 32,767. The LMX2324 is capable of operating from
100 MHz to 2.0 GHz with a 32/33 prescaler.
1.3.1 Prescaler
The RF inputs to the prescaler consist of the f
which are the complimentary inputs of a differential pair am-
plifier. The differential f
with an input sensitivity of −15 dBm. The input buffer drives
the N counter’s ECL D-type flip flops in a dual modulus con-
figuration. A 32/33 prescale ratio is provided for the
LMX2324. The prescaler clocks the subsequent CMOS flip-
flop chain comprising the fully programmable A and B
counters.
1.4 PHASE/FREQUENCY DETECTOR
The phase(/frequency) detector is driven from the N and R
counter outputs. The maximum frequency at the phase de-
tector inputs is 10 MHz. The phase detector outputs control
the charge pumps. The polarity of the pump-up or pump-
down control is programmed using PD_POL, depending on
whether RF VCO characteristics are positive or negative
(see programming description 2.2.2). The phase detector
also receives a feedback signal from the charge pump, in or-
der to eliminate dead zone.
PP
. The inputs have a V
p
, the feedback signal, which was obtained by
IN
configuration can operate to 2 GHz
CC
/2 input threshold and can
r
, is then presented to the
IN
IN
and f
in
and f
pin. OSC
INB
INB
input
pins
in
5
1.5 CHARGE PUMP
The phase detector’s current source output pumps charge
into an external loop filter, which then converts the charge
into the VCO’s control voltage. The charge pumps steer the
charge pump output, CP
(pump-down). When locked, CP
mode with small corrections. The RF charge pump output
current magnitude is set to 4.0 mA. The charge pump output
can also be used to output divider signals as detailed in sec-
tion 2.2.3.
1.6 MICROWIRE SERIAL INTERFACE
The programmable functions are accessed through the
MICROWIRE serial interface. The interface is made of three
functions: clock, data and latch enable (LE). Serial data for
the various counters is clocked in from data on the rising
edge of clock, into the 18-bit shift register. Data is entered
MSB first. The last bit decodes the internal register address.
On the rising edge of LE, data stored in the shift register is
loaded into one of the two appropriate latches (selected by
address bits). A complete programming description is in-
cluded in the following sections.
1.7 POWER CONTROL
The PLL can be power controlled in two ways. The first
method is by setting the CE pin LOW. This asynchronously
powers down the PLL and TRI-STATE the charge pump out-
put, regardless of the PWDN bit status. The second method
is by programming through MICROWIRE, while keeping the
CE HIGH. Programming the PWDN bit in the N register
HIGH (CE=HIGH) will disable the N counter and de-bias the
f
ality also becomes disabled. The reference oscillator block
powers down when the power down bit is asserted. The
OSC
dition exists. Power down forces the charge pump and
phase comparator logic to a TRI-STATE condition. A power
down counter reset function resets both N and R counters.
Upon powering up the N counter resumes counting in “close”
alignment with the R counter (The maximum error is one
prescaler cycle). The MICROWIRE control register remains
active and capable of loading and latching in data during all
of the power down modes.
IN
input (to a high impedance state). The R counter function-
in
pin reverts to a high impedance state when this con-
o
, to V
o
is primarily in a TRI-STATE
P
(pump-up) or Ground
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